BLOOD BANKING

MUST KNOWS

Blood Banking Must knows is for every Medical students especially for Medical Technologist or Medical laboratory Science students who are struggling to Memorize or to remember certain topics on the said subject.

ABO FORWARD GROUPING/ DIRECT

BLOOD GROUP	ANTIGEN	REACTION WITH ANTI-A (Blue)	REACTION WITH ANTI-B (Yellow)	REACTION WITH ANTI-AB
A	A	+ ( 4+)	- (0)	+
B	B	- (0)	+ (4+)	+
AB	AB	+ (3+)	+ (3+)	+
O	NONE	- (0)	- (0)	-
ANTI-A and ANTI-B reagent are both Monoclonal antibody, Highly specific, IgM

ABO REVERSE GROUPING/ BACK/ INDIRECT/ SERUM TYPING

BLOOD GROUP	ANTIBODY	REACTION WITH A CELLS	REACTION WITH B CELLS
A	ANTI-B	- (0)	+ (2+)
B	ANTI-A	+ (3+)	- (0)
AB	NONE	- (0)	- (0)
O	ANTI-A ANTI-B	+ (4+)	+ (4+)

GRADING OF AGGLUTINATION

GRADE	CELLS	SUPERNATANT
0	NO agglutinates	Dark, Turbid, Homogenous
W+	Many TINY agglutinates Many free cells May not be visible without microscope	Dark, Turbid
1+ (25%)	Many SMALL agglutinates Many free cells	Turbid
2+ (50%)	Many MEDIUM -sized agglutinates Moderate number of free cells	Clear
3+ (75%)	Several LARGE agglutinates Few free cells	Clear
4+ (100%)	One large SOLID agglutinate No free cells	Clear

FORMATION OF ABH ANTIGENS
GENE	GLYCOSYLTRANSFERASE	IMMUNODOMINANT SUGAR	PRECURSOR SUBSTANCE	ANTIGEN
H	L-fucosyltransferase	L-fucose	Precursor substance	H
A	N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase	N-acetyl-D-galactosamine	H	A
B	D-galactosyltransferase	D-galactose	H	B
AB	N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase D-galactosyltransferase	N-acetyl-D-galactosamine D-galactose	H	AB
O	-	-	UNCHANGED H

APPROVED ANTICOAGULANT PRESERVATIVE SOLUTIONS

NAME	ABBREVIATION	STORAGE TIME (DAYS)
Acid Citrate Dextrose (formula A)	ACD-A	21 days
Citrate-Phosphate Dextrose	CPD	21 days
Citrate-Phosphate Double Dextrose	CP2D	21 days
Citrate-Phosphate-Dextrose-Adenine	CPDA-1	35 days
Citrate-Phosphate-Dextrose-Adenine	CPDA-2	42 days

ADDITIVE SOLUTIONS

Additive solutions consist of: SAG M

1.      Saline

2.      Adenine

3.      Glucose

4.      Mannitol – RBC stabilizing Agent

Adsol (AS-1)               ADDS 7 DAYS Nutricel (AS-3)          ADDS 7 DAYS Optisol (AS-5)           ADDS 7 DAYS

42 DAYS

REJUVENATION SOLUTIONS

·         Used in some blood centers to regenerate ATP and 2,3 DPG

·         Red cells stored in the liquid state fewer than 3 days after their outdate are rejuvenated for 1 to 4 hours at 37^OC with the solution

·         PIGPA- Phosphate, inosine, glucose, pyruvate and adenine

·         PIPA- Phosphate, inosine, pyruvate and adenine

·         REJUVESOL – only FDA approved rejuvenation solution in US

BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES OCCURING DURING RED BLOOD CELL STORAGE

Plasma Potassium	INCREASE (POTA na LAC ang HEM)
Lactic acid
Plasma Hemoglobin
pH	DECREASE
ATP
2,3 DPG
Plasma sodium

Blood and blood products are considered drugs because of their use in treating diseases. As with drugs, adverse effects may occur, necessitating careful consideration of therapy. The transfusion of blood cells is also transplantation, in that the cells must survive and function after transfusion to a therapeutic effect.